Pandu Roga in Classical Ayurveda: A Narrative Review of Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features and Management

Abstract

Pandu Roga is a classical Ayurvedic disease concept characterised principally by Panduta (pallor) and accompanied by weakness, fatigue, altered appetite and other systemic features. Although some manifestations overlap with those of anaemia, particularly iron-deficiency anaemia, the two arise from different diagnostic frameworks and cannot be considered equivalent without appropriate clinical and laboratory evaluation. This narrative review describes the classical understanding of Pandu Roga, including its Nidana (etiological factors), Samprapti (pathogenesis), Purvarupa (prodromal features), Rupa (clinical manifestations), Upadrava (complications), prognosis and traditionally described management. Classical Ayurvedic sources listed in the bibliography form the principal basis of this descriptive synthesis, supplemented by limited contemporary context concerning anaemia. The review summarises the involvement of Pitta, Rasa and Rakta Dhatu, Agni and associated Srotas within the Ayurvedic explanatory framework. Traditional descriptions of Shodhana, Shamana and Pathya-Apathya are presented as textual accounts rather than evidence of clinical efficacy. Anaemia has multiple causes, including nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, infections, inflammation and inherited conditions; diagnostic assessment and treatment must therefore address the underlying cause. The narrative approach and absence of systematic literature searching or formal evidence appraisal limit conclusions about comparative effectiveness. Classical descriptions may inform historical and conceptual understanding, but they do not establish that Ayurvedic interventions correct iron deficiency or improve clinical outcomes. Rigorous, appropriately controlled research with validated haematological endpoints and safety monitoring is needed.